The third law states that at the temperature of -273☌, an object is devoid of all energy (meaning that it is impossible to cool anything to a temperature lower than that).Ĥ. The second law is the one with which this book is concerned, and we shall soon go back to discuss it. The first law, also known as the law of conservation of energy, states that the energy in an isolated It is generally accepted that thermodynamics has four laws, designated by numbers, although not necessarily in order of importance, and not in order of their discovery.ġ. Science called thermodynamics, which deals with energy flows.) Despite its nondescript name, however, the second law is actually something of a super-law, governing nature as it does. (This law, as its name implies, is part of the Since the concept of entropy was first discovered during a study of the efficiency of heat engines, the law that defines entropy and its properties is called the second law of thermodynamics.

It is definite only for systems in a state of equilibrium, and it tends to increase: in fact, entropy’s tendency to increase is the source of all change in our universe. Entropy is a physical quantity, yet it is different from any other quantity in nature. It is especially true of our subject matter, namely entropy. The third time you go through it, you know you don’t understand it, but by that time you are so used to it, it doesn’t bother you anymore.1 This is true of many more things than we would like to imagine, but The second time you go through it, you think you understand it, except for one or two small points.

The first time you go through it, you don’t understand it at all. Thermodynamics, the branch of physics that incorporates the concept of entropy: Thermodynamics is a funny subject. Prologue Mathematician Arnold Sommerfeld (1868–1951), one of the founding fathers of atomic theory, said about Special thanks to Dan Weiss for the numerical calculations and figures. We would like to thank those that read the original manuscript and made significant suggestions: Alina Tal, Joshua Maor, Daniel Rosenne, Noa Meir-Leverstein, Rachel Alexander, Zvi Aloni, Moshe Pereg, Galit Kafri, and Ehud Kafri. K.) would like to thank his colleagues for discussions in which much learned was before writing this book: Rafi Levine, Joseph Agassi, Yehuda Band, Yariv Kafri, and especially Joseph Oreg, who even corrected a derivation. He belongs to a rare breed in danger of extinction. We would like to thank the editor of the this book, the indefatigably intense and knowledgeable Emanuel Lottem, who left no stone unturned, fixed, polished, checked, and even added examples of his own. Stribution of Digits in Decimal Files – Benford’s Lawīiographical Sketches Bibliography EndnotesĪcknowledgements This book is dedicated to the late Ofra Meir, our sister and sister-inlaw, who had taken part in numerous discussions before the actual writing of this book began,Īnd passed away untimely before editing the Hebrew manuscript. Xponential Energy Decay and the Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution

Information Shannon’s Entropy Benford’s Law Chapter 5 Entropy in Social Systems The Distribution of Links in Social Networks – Zipf’s Law The Distribution of Wealth – The Pareto Law Polls and Economics – The PlanckBenford Distribution ConclusionĪusius’s Derivation of Entropy from Carnot’s Efficiency The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution Chapter 3 The Entropy of Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic Radiation Black body Radiation Black Holes Planck’s Equation Physical Entropy – A Summary Part II Logical Entropy Chapter 4 The Entropy of Scott Fitzgerald, The Great GatsbyĬontents Prologue Part I Physical Entropy Chapter 1 Entropy and the Flow of Energy Carnot’s Efficiency The Clausius Entropy Chapter 2 Statistical Entropy The Boltzmann Entropy The Gibbs Entropy “Life is much more successfully looked at from a single window after all.” -F. Chapter 1: Entropy and the Flow of EnergyĬhapter 3: The Entropy of Electromagnetic RadiationĬopyright © 2013 Kafri Nihul Ve’Hashkaot Ltd.

Perfino surname origin